How to Represent Yourself in Court

Updated: Jun 19

Navigating court without a lawyer can feel daunting — especially if you’ve been denied legal aid. But with the right preparation and approach, it is possible to present your case clearly and with confidence. This guide offers practical advice to help you prepare, understand the process, and represent yourself effectively.

Legal aid in England and Wales is governed by the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (LASPO).Since major reforms in 2013, access to free legal representation has become more restricted — leaving many people to appear in court alone.

While this can feel overwhelming at first, a well-prepared case and a calm, focused mindset can make all the difference.

McKenzie Friend

Getting Support in Court

If you represent yourself, you are legally known as a Litigant in Person. But that doesn’t mean you have to do it alone. You are entitled to bring a McKenzie Friend into court—a person who can support you throughout the process.

Who can be a McKenzie Friend?

A friend or relative
A volunteer from Citizens Advice or court support services
A professional (non-lawyer) supporter

What can they do?

Sit with you in court
Offer quiet advice
Help with documents and notes

What they can't do:

Speak on your behalf
Represent you in formal proceedings

Tip: Free legal charities and some barristers offer pro bono help with documents and guidance. It’s worth exploring your options.

Preparing Your Case

Key Steps

Understanding Your Legal Position - Claimant vs. Defendant

If you are bringing legal action, you are the claimant and must explain your case clearly.

If you are defending a claim, you are the defendant and must prepare a strong legal defence. Read through all case files and highlight key points, strengths, and weaknesses.

Case Analysis - Ask yourself

What are the legal issues?
What are the key facts?
What evidence supports my case?
What are the weaknesses in the other side’s case?

Gathering Documents

Organise all key documents, including:

Witness statements
Evidence (emails, contracts, CCTV, text messages, etc.)
Contradictions in the opposing side’s case

Taking notes while reading case files will help you stay focused and recall key points more easily.

Skeleton Argument

Structuring Your Case

A Skeleton Argument is a document required in County Court or High Court that summarises your case for the judge. It should include:

Heading: State whether you are the claimant or defendant
Introduction: Outline your case in a clear and concise manner
Legal Issues: Identify the key points of dispute
Facts & Evidence: Highlight strong supporting evidence
Relevant Case Law: If applicable, refer to past legal decisions

A well-structured Skeleton Argument makes your case easier to understand and demonstrates to the court that you are prepared. Avoid unnecessary details—keep it focused and precise.

Important: Your Skeleton Argument must be filed with the court and shared with all parties at least two days before your hearing (before 4 PM).

See Skeleton-argument-template and BAILII.org for case law examples.

Disclosure of Documents

Both parties must be aware of the documents being used in court. Evidence can include:

Written documents (contracts, letters, police reports, etc.)
Emails, text messages, and social media messages
Video or audio recordings

If unsure what to submit, refer to Gov.UK – Disclosure of Evidence for guidance.

Preparing for Court

Presenting Yourself Effectively

Public speaking in court can be nerve-wracking, but preparation is key to remaining calm and confident.

How to Prepare:

Practice your case – Present it to friends or family for feedback.
Memorise key points – This will help you stay focused if nerves take over.
Stay calm and professional – Avoid getting defensive or emotional.

Courtroom Etiquette & Expectations:

Arrive on time – Being late can negatively affect your case.
Dress professionally – Wear smart, presentable clothing.
Turn off mobile phones – No devices allowed in court.
Be respectful – Do not interrupt the judge or other parties.
Remain objective – Stick to facts, not personal opinions.
Expect scrutiny – Judges and barristers can be critical—be prepared.

Final Checklist Before Your Hearing

Prepare and submit your court bundle (statements, Skeleton Argument)
Familiarise yourself with court procedures
Double-check your evidence and arguments
Ensure you can attend court (travel plans, finances, etc.)
Know the court location and directions
Make sure your information is accurate and organised

Representing yourself requires dedication, research, and preparation. Seek free legal advice where possible and make sure you understand the process specific to your case.

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